BITSAT Syllabus

BITSAT Physics Syllabus | BITSAT Chemistry Syllabus | BITSAT Maths Syllabus

BITSAT English Proficiency and Logical Reasoning Syllabus 

 

BITSAT Physics Syllabus

1. Units & Measurement
1.1 Units (Different systems of units, SI units, fundamental and derived units)
1.2 Dimensional Analysis
1.3 Precision and significant figures
1.4 Fundamental measurements in Physics (Vernier calipers, screw gauge, Physical balance etc)

2. Kinematics
2.1 Properties of vectors
2.2 Position, velocity and acceleration vectors
2.3 Motion with constant acceleration
2.4 Projectile motion
2.5 Uniform circular motion
2.6 Relative motion

3. Newton’s Laws of Motion
3.1 Newton’s laws (free body diagram, resolution of forces)
3.2 Motion on an inclined plane
3.3 Motion of blocks with pulley systems
3.4 Circular motion – centripetal force
3.5 Inertial and non-inertial frames

4. Impulse and Momentum
4.1 Definition of impulse and momentum
4.2 Conservation of momentum
4.3 Collisions
4.4 Momentum of a system of particles
4.5 Center of mass

5. Work and Energy
5.1 Work done by a force
5.2 Kinetic energy and work-energy theorem
5.3 Power
5.4 Conservative forces and potential energy
5.5 Conservation of mechanical energy

6. Rotational Motion
6.1 Description of rotation (angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration)
6.2 Rotational motion with constant angular acceleration
6.3 Moment of inertia, Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, rotational kinetic energy
6.4 Torque and angular momentum
6.5 Conservation of angular momentum
6.6 Rolling motion

7. Gravitation
7.1 Newton’s law of gravitation
7.2 Gravitational potential energy, Escape velocity
7.3 Motion of planets – Kepler’s laws, satellite motion

8. Mechanics of Solids and Fluids
8.1 Elasticity
8.2 Pressure, density and Archimedes’ principle
8.3 Viscosity and Surface Tension
8.4 Bernoulli’s theorem

9. Oscillations
9.1 Kinematics of simple harmonic motion
9.2 Spring mass system, simple and compound pendulum
9.3 Forced & damped oscillations, resonance

10. Waves
10.1 Progressive sinusoidal waves
10.2 Standing waves in strings and pipes
10.3 Superposition of waves, beats
10.4 Doppler Effect

11. Heat and Thermodynamics
11.1 Kinetic theory of gases
11.2 Thermal equilibrium and temperature
11.3 Specific heat
11.4 Work, heat and first law of thermodynamics
11.5 2nd law of thermodynamics, Carnot engine – Efficiency and Coefficient of performance

12. Electrostatics
12.1 Coulomb’s law
12.2 Electric field (discrete and continuous charge distributions)
12.3 Electrostatic potential and Electrostatic potential energy
12.4 Gauss’ law and its applications
12.5 Electric dipole
12.6 Capacitance and dielectrics (parallel plate capacitor, capacitors in series and parallel)

13. Current Electricity
13.1 Ohm’s law, Joule heating
13.2 D.C circuits – Resistors and cells in series and parallel, Kirchoff’s laws, potentiometer and Wheatstone bridge,
13.3 Electrical Resistance (Resistivity, origin and temperature dependence of resistivity).

14. Magnetic Effect of Current
14.1 Biot-Savart’s law and its applications
14.2 Ampere’s law and its applications
14.3 Lorentz force, force on current carrying conductors in a magnetic field
14.4 Magnetic moment of a current loop, torque on a current loop, Galvanometer and its conversion to voltmeter and
ammeter

15. Electromagnetic Induction
15.1 Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, eddy currents
15.2 Self and mutual inductance
15.3 Transformers and generators
15.4 Alternating current (peak and rms value)
15.5 AC circuits, LCR circuits

16. Optics
16.1 Laws of reflection and refraction
16.2 Lenses and mirrors
16.3 Optical instruments – telescope and microscope
16.4 Interference – Huygen’s principle, Young’s double slit experiment
16.5 Interference in thin films
16.6 Diffraction due to a single slit
16.7 Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (only qualitative ideas), Electromagnetic spectrum
16.8 Polarization – states of polarization, Malus’ law, Brewster’s law

17. Modern Physics
17.1 Dual nature of light and matter – Photoelectric effect, De Broglie wavelength
17.2 Atomic models – Rutherford’s experiment, Bohr’s atomic model
17.3 Hydrogen atom spectrum
17.4 Radioactivity
17.5 Nuclear reactions : Fission and fusion, binding energy

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BITSAT Chemistry Syllabus

 1. States of Matter
1.1 Measurement: Physical quantities and SI units, Dimensional analysis, Precision, Significant figures.
1.2 Chemical reactions: Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept; Atomic, molecular and
molar masses; Percentage composition & molecular formula; Balanced chemical equations & stoichiometry
1.3 Gaseous state: Gas Laws, Kinetic theory – Maxwell distribution of velocities, Average, root mean square and most
probable velocities and relation to temperature, Diffusion; Deviation from ideal behaviour – Critical temperature,
Liquefaction of gases, van der Waals equation.
1.4 Liquid state: Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity.
1.5 Solid state: Classification; Space lattices & crystal systems; Unit cell – Cubic & hexagonal systems; Close
packing; Crystal structures: Simple AB and AB2 type ionic crystals, covalent crystals – diamond & graphite,
metals. Imperfections- Point defects, non-stoichiometric crystals; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties;
Amorphous solids – qualitative description.

2. Atomic Structure
2.1 Introduction: Subatomic particles; Rutherford’s picture of atom; Hydrogen atom spectrum and Bohr model.
2.2 Quantum mechanics: Wave-particle duality – de Broglie relation, Uncertainty principle; Hydrogen atom: Quantum
numbers and wavefunctions, atomic orbitals and their shapes (s, p, and d), Spin quantum number.
2.3 Many electron atoms: Pauli exclusion principle; Aufbau principle and the electronic configuration of atoms,
Hund’s rule.
2.4 Periodicity: Periodic law and the modern periodic table; Types of elements: s, p, d, and f blocks; Periodic trends:
ionization energy, atomic and ionic radii, electron affinity, electro negativity and valency.
2.5 Nucleus: Natural and artificial radioactivity; Nuclear reactions.

3. Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
3.1 Ionic Bond: Lattice Energy and Born-Haber cycle
3.2 Molecular Structure: Lewis picture & resonance structures, VSEPR model & molecular shapes
3.3 Covalent Bond: Valence Bond Theory- Orbital overlap, Directionality of bonds & hybridistaion (s & p orbitals
only), Resonance; Molecular orbital theory- Methodology, Orbital energy level diagram, Bond order, Magnetic
properties for homonuclear diatomic species.
3.4 Metallic Bond: Qualitative description.
3.5 Intermolecular Forces: Polarity; Dipole moments; Hydrogen Bond.

4. Thermodynamics
4.1 Basic Concepts: Systems and surroundings; State functions; Intensive & Extensive Properties; Zeroth Law and
Temperature
4.2 First Law of Thermodynamics: Work, internal energy, heat, enthalpy, heat capacities; Enthalpies of formation,
phase transformation, ionization, electron gain; Thermochemistry; Hess’s Law. Bond dissociation, combustion,
atomization, sublimation, dilution
4.3 Second Law: Spontaneous and reversible processes; entropy; Gibbs free energy related to spontaneity and nonmechanical
work; Standard free energies of formation, free energy change and chemical equilibrium; Third Law
and Absolute Entropies.

5. Physical and Chemical Equilibria
5.1 Concentration Units: Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality
5.2 Solutions: Solubility of solids and gases in liquids, Vapour Pressure, Raoult’s law, Relative lowering of vapour
pressure, depression in freezing point; elevation in boiling point; osmotic pressure, determination of molecular
mass.
5.3 Physical Equilibrium: Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, solid-gas), Adsorption,
Physical and Chemical adsorption, Langmuir Isotherm.
5.4 Chemical Equilibria: Equilibrium constants (KP, KC), Le-Chatelier’s principle.
5.5 Ionic Equilibria: Strong and Weak electrolytes, Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Lewis, Lowry and Bronsted) and their
dissociation; Ionization of Water; pH; Buffer solutions; Acid-base titrations; Hydrolysis; Solubility Product of
Sparingly Soluble Salts; Common Ion Effect.
5.6 Factors Affecting Equilibria: Concentration, Temperature, Pressure, Catalysts, Significance of ÄG and ÄG0 in
Chemical Equilibria.

6. Electrochemistry
6.1 Redox Reactions: Oxidation-reduction reactions (electron transfer concept); Oxidation number; Balancing of redox
reactions; Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Electrode potentials; Idea of heterogeneous equilibria on the
surface of the electrode; EMF of Galvanic cells; Nernst equation; Factors affecting the electrode potential; Gibbs
energy change and cell potential; Concentration cells; Secondary cells; Fuel cells; Corrosion and its prevention.
6.2 Electrolytic Conduction: Electrolytic Conductance; Specific, equivalent and molar conductivities; Kolhrausch’s
Law and its application, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Coulometer; Electrode potential and electrolysis,
Commercial production of the chemicals, NaOH, Na, Al2,Cl2 , & F2

7. Chemical Kinetics
7.1 Aspects of Kinetics: Rate and Rate expression of a reaction; Rate constant; Order and molecularity of the reaction;
Integrated rate expressions and half life for zero and first order reactions; Determination of rate constant and order
of reaction
7.2 Factor Affecting the Rate of the Reactions: Concentration of the reactants, size of particles; Temperature
dependence of rate constant; Activation energy; Catalysis, Surface catalysis, enzymes, zeolites; Factors affecting
rate of collisions between molecules; Effect of light.
7.3 Mechanism of Reaction: Elementary reactions; Complex reactions; Reactions involving two/three steps only;
Photochemical reactions; Concept of fast reactions.
7.4 Radioactive isotopes: Half-life period; Radiochemical dating.

8. Hydrogen and s-block elements
8.1 Hydrogen: Element: unique position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes; Dihydrogen: preparation, properties,
reactions, and uses; Molecular, saline, interstitial hydrides; Water: Properties; Structure and aggregation of water
molecules; Heavy water; Hydrogen peroxide; Hydrogen as a fuel.
8.2 s-block elements: Abundance and occurrence; Anomalous properties of the first elements in each group; diagonal
relationships.
8.3 Alkali metals: Lithium, sodium and potassium: occurrence, extraction, reactivity, and electrode potentials;
Biological importance; Reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and liquid ammonia; Basic nature of oxides
and hydroxides; Halides; Properties and uses of compounds such as NaCl, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, KCl, and
KOH.
8.4 Alkaline earth metals: Magnesium and calcium: Occurrence, extraction, reactivity and electrode potentials;
Reactions with non-metals; Solubility and thermal stability of oxo salts; Biological importance; Properties and uses
of important compounds such as CaO, Ca(OH)2, plaster of Paris, MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCO3, and CaSO4; Lime and
limestone, cement.

9. p- d- and f-block elements
9.1 General: Abundance, distribution, physical and chemical properties, isolation and uses of elements; Trends in
chemical reactivity of elements of a group;.
9.2 Group 13 elements: Boron; Properties and uses of borax, boric acid, boron hydrides & halides. Reaction of
aluminum with acids and alkalis;
9.3 Group 14 elements: Carbon: Uses, Allotropes (graphite, diamond, fullerenes), oxides, halides and sulphides,
carbides; Silicon: Silica, silicates, silicone,.Zeolites.
9.4 Group 15 elements: Dinitrogen; Reactivity and uses of nitrogen and its compounds; Industrial and biological
nitrogen fixation; Ammonia: Haber’s process, properties and reactions; Oxides of nitrogen and their structures;
Ostwald’s process of nitric acid production; Fertilizers – NPK type; Production of phosphorus; Allotropes of
phosphorus; Preparation, structure and properties of hydrides, oxides, oxoacids and halides of phosphorus.
9.5 Group 16 elements: Isolation and chemical reactivity of dioxygen; Acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides;
Preparation, structure and properties of ozone; Allotropes of sulphur; Production of sulphur and sulphuric acid;
Structure and properties of oxides, oxoacids, hydrides and halides of sulphur.
9.6 Group 17 and group 18 elements: Structure and properties of hydrides, oxides, oxoacids of chlorine; Inter halogen
compounds; Bleaching Powder; Preparation, structure and reactions of xenon fluorides, oxides, and oxoacids.
9.7 d-block elements: General trends in the chemistry of first row transition elements; Metallic character; Oxidation
state; Ionic radii; Catalytic properties; Magnetic properties; Interstitial compounds; Occurrence and extraction of
iron, copper, silver, zinc, and mercury; Alloy formation; Steel and some important alloys; preparation and
properties of CuSO4, K2Cr2O7, KMnO4, Mercury halides; Silver nitrate and silver halides; Photography.
9.8 f-block elements: Lanthanides and actinides; Oxidation states and chemical reactivity of lanthanide compounds;
Lanthanide contraction; Comparison of actinides and lanthanides.
9.9 Coordination Compounds: Coordination number; Ligands; Werner’s coordination theory; IUPAC nomenclature;
Application and importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological
systems e.g. chlorophyll, vitamin B12, and hemoglobin); Bonding: Valence-bond approach, Crystal field theory
(qualitative); Stability constants; Shapes, color and magnetic properties; Isomerism including stereoisomerisms;
Organometallic compounds.

10. Principles of Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons
10.1 Classification: Based on functional groups, trivial and IUPAC nomenclature.
10.2 Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation; free radicals;
carbocations, carbanion, nucleophile and electrophile; types of reactions.
10.3 Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Structural isomerism and general properties.
10.4 Alkenes and alkynes: General methods of preparation and reactions, physical properties, electrophilic and free
radical additions, acidic character of alkynes and (1,2 and 1,4) addition to dienes.
10.5 Aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources; Properties; Isomerism; Resonance delocalization; polynuclear hydrocarbons;
mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction, directive influence and effect of substituents on reactivity.
10.6 Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Physical properties, chemical reactions.
10.7 Petroleum: Composition and refining, uses of petrochemicals.

11. Stereochemistry
11.1 Introduction: Chiral molecules; Optical activity; Polarimetry; R,S and D,L configurations; Fischer projections;
Enantiomerism; Racemates; Diastereomerism and meso structures.
11.2 Conformations: Ethane, propane, n-butane and cyclohexane conformations; Newman and sawhorse projections.
11.3 Geometrical isomerism in alkenes

12. Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Oxygen and Nitrogen
12.1 General: Electronic structure, important methods of preparation, important reactions and physical properties of
alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, nitro compounds, amines, diazonium salts, cyanides
and isocyanides.
12.2 Specific: Effect of substituents on alpha-carbon on acid strength, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives, basic
character of amines and their separation, importance of diazonium salts in synthetic organic chemistry

13. Biological , Industrial and Environmental chemistry
13.1 The Cell: Concept of cell and energy cycle.
13.2 Carbohydrates: Classification; Monosaccharides; Structures of pentoses and hexoses; Anomeric carbon;
Mutarotation; Simple chemical reactions of glucose, Disaccharides: reducing and non-reducing sugars – sucrose,
maltose and lactose; Polysaccharides: elementary idea of structures of starch and cellulose.
13.3 Proteins: Amino acids; Peptide bond; Polypeptides; Primary structure of proteins; Simple idea of secondary ,
tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins; Denaturation of proteins and enzymes.
13.4 Nucleic Acids: Types of nucleic acids; Primary building blocks of nucleic acids (chemical composition of DNA &
RNA); Primary structure of DNA and its double helix; Replication; Transcription and protein synthesis; Genetic
code.
13.5 Lipids, Hormones, Vitamins: Classification, structure, functions in biosystems.
13.6 Polymers: Classification of polymers; General methods of polymerization; Molecular mass of polymers;
Biopolymers and biodegradable polymers; Free radical, cationic and anionic addition polymerizations;
Copolymerization: Natural rubber; Vulcanization of rubber; Synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers.
13.7 Pollution: Environmental pollutants; soil, water and air pollution; Chemical reactions in atmosphere; Smog; Major
atmospheric pollutants; Acid rain; Ozone and its reactions; Depletion of ozone layer and its effects; Industrial air
pollution; Green house effect and global warming; Green Chemistry.
13.8 Chemicals in medicine, health-care and food: Analgesics, Tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, anti-microbials,
anti-fertility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids; Cosmetics: Creams, perfumes, talcum powder, deodorants;
Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants, and edible colours.
13.9 Other Industrial Chemicals: Dyes: Classification with examples – Indigo, methyl orange, aniline yellow, alizarin,
malachite green; Advanced materials: Carbon fibers, ceramics, micro alloys; Detergents; Insect repellents,
pheromones, sex attractants; Rocket Propellants.

14. Theoretical Principles of Experimental Chemistry
14.1 Volumetric Analysis: Principles; Standard solutions of sodium carbonate and oxalic acid; Acid-base titrations;
Redox reactions involving KI, H2SO4, Na2SO3, Na2S2O3and H2S; Potassium permanganate in acidic, basic and
neutral media; Titrations of oxalic acid, ferrous ammonium sulphate with KMnO4, K2 Cr2O7/Na2S2O3,
Cu(II)/Na2S2O3
14.2 Qualitative analysis of Inorganic Salts: Principles in the determination of the cations Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Mn2+, Zn2+,
Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+, Fe3+, Ni2+ and the anions CO32-, S2-, SO42-, SO32-, NO2-, NO3-, Cl-, Br-, I-, PO43-,CH3COO-, C2O42-.
14.3 Physical Chemistry Experiments: crystallization of alum, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, double salt of alum and
ferrous sulphate, potassium ferric sulphate; Temperature vs. solubility; pH measurements; Lyophilic and lyophobic
sols; Dialysis; Role of emulsifying agents in emulsification. Equilibrium studies involving (i) ferric and
thiocyanate ions (ii) [Co(H2O)6]2+ and chloride ions; Enthalpy determination for (i) strong acid vs. strong base
neutralization reaction (ii) hydrogen bonding interaction between acetone and chloroform; Rates of the reaction
between (i) sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid, (ii) potassium iodate and sodium sulphite (iii) iodide vs.
hydrogen peroxide, concentration and temperature effects in these reactions;
14.4 Purification Methods: Filtration, crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and
chromatography. Principles of melting point and boiling point determination; principles of paper chromatographic
separation – Rf values.
14.5 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous and halogens; Detection
of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in foodstuff; Detection of alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic,
amino groups and unsaturation.
14.6 Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds: Basic principles for the quantitative estimation of carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, halogen, sulphur and phosphorous; Molecular mass determination by silver salt and chloroplatinate salt
methods; Elementary idea of mass spectrometer for accurate molecular mass determination; Calculations of
empirical and molecular formulae.
14.7 Principles of Organic Chemistry Experiments: Preparation of iodoform, acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, di-benzyl
acetone, aniline yellow, beta-naphthol; Preparation of acetylene and study of its acidic character.

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BITSAT Maths Syllabus

1. Algebra
1.1 Complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal
argument, triangle inequality, roots of complex numbers, geometric interpretations.
1.2 Theory of Quadratic equations, quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions, relation
between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, equations reducible to quadratic equations.
1.3 Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, arithmeticogeometric
series, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares
and cubes of the first n natural numbers.
1.4 Logarithms and their properties.
1.5 Exponential series.
1.6 Permutations and combinations, Permutations as an arrangement and combination as selection, simple applications.
1.7 Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients.
1.8 Matrices and determinants of order two or three, properties and evaluation of determinants, addition and
multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrices, Solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or
three variables.
1.9 Sets, Relations and Functions, algebra of sets applications, equivalence relations, mappings, one-one, into and onto
mappings, composition of mappings.
1.10 Mathematical Induction
1.11 Linear Inequalities, solution of linear inequalities in one and two variables.

2. Trigonometry
2.1 Trigonometric ratios, functions and identities.
2.2 Solution of trigonometric equations.
2.3 Properties of triangles and solutions of triangles
2.4 Inverse trigonometric functions
2.5 Heights and distances

3. Two-dimensional Coordinate Geometry
3.1 Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin.
3.2 Straight lines and pair of straight lines: Equation of straight lines in various forms, angle between two lines,
distance of a point from a line, lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of
the angle between two lines, concurrent lines.
3.3 Circles and family of circles : Equation of circle in various form, equation of tangent, normal & chords,
parametric equations of a circle , intersection of a circle with a straight line or a circle, equation of circle through
point of intersection of two circles, conditions for two intersecting circles to be orthogonal.
3.4 Conic sections : parabola, ellipse and hyperbola their eccentricity, directrices & foci, parametric forms, equations
of tangent & normal, conditions for y=mx+c to be a tangent and point of tangency.

4. Three dimensional Coordinate Geometry
4.1 Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space and skew lines.
4.2 Angle between two lines whose direction ratios are given
4.3 Equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane, condition for coplanarity of three lines.

5. Differential calculus
5.1 Domain and range of a real valued function, Limits and Continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of
two functions, Differentiability.
5.2 Derivative of different types of functions (polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential,
logarithmic, implicit functions), derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain
rule.
5.3 Geometric interpretation of derivative, Tangents and Normals.
5.4 Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of a function.
5.5 Rolle’s Theorem, Mean Value Theorem and Intermediate Value Theorem.

6. Integral calculus
6.1 Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions.
6.2 Methods of integration: Integration by substitution, Integration by parts, integration by partial fractions, and
integration by trigonometric identities.
6.3 Definite integrals and their properties, Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus and its applications.
6.4 Application of definite integrals to the determination of areas of regions bounded by simple curves.

7. Ordinary Differential Equations
7.1 Variables separable method.
7.2 Solution of homogeneous differential equations.
7.3 Linear first order differential equations

8. Probability
8.1 Addition and multiplication rules of probability.
8.2 Conditional probability
8.3 Independent events
8.4 Discrete random variables and distributions

9. Vectors
9.1 Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication.
9.2 Dot and cross products of two vectors.
9.3 Scalar triple products and their geometrical interpretations.

10. Statistics
10.1 Measures of dispersion
10.2 Measures of skewness and Central Tendency

11.Linear Programming
11.1 Formulation of linear Programming
11.2 Solution of linear Programming, using graphical method.

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BITSAT English Proficiency and Logical Reasoning

 (a) English Proficiency
This test is designed to assess the test takers’ general proficiency in the use of English language as a means of selfexpression
in real life situations and specifically to test the test takers’ knowledge of basic grammar, their vocabulary, their
ability to read fast and comprehend, and also their ability to apply the elements of effective writing.

1. Grammar
1.1 Agreement, Time and Tense, Parallel construction, Relative pronouns
1.2 Determiners, Prepositions, Modals, Adjectives
1.3 Voice, Transformation
1.4 Question tags, Phrasal verbs

2. Vocabulary
2.1 Synonyms, Antonyms, Odd Word, One Word, Jumbled letters,
Homophones, Spelling
2.2 Contextual meaning.
2.3 Analogy

3. Reading Comprehension
3.1 Content/ideas
3.2 Vocabulary
3.3 Referents
3.4 Idioms/Phrases
3.5 Reconstruction (rewording)

4. Composition
4.1 Rearrangement
4.2 Paragraph Unity
4.3 Linkers/Connectives

(b) Logical Reasoning
The test is given to the candidates to judge their power of reasoning spread in verbal and nonverbal areas. The candidates
should be able to think logically so that they perceive the data accurately, understand the relationships correctly, figure out
the missing numbers or words, and to apply rules to new and different contexts. These indicators are measured through
performance on such tasks as detecting missing links, following directions, classifying words, establishing sequences, and
completing analogies.

5. Verbal Reasoning
5.1 Analogy
Analogy means correspondence. In the questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and
another similar relationship has to be identified from the alternatives provided.
5.2 Classification
Classification means to assort the items of a given group on the basis of certain common quality they possess
and then spot the odd option out.
5.3 Series Completion
Here series of numbers or letters are given and one is asked to either complete the series or find out the wrong
part in the series.
5.4 Logical Deduction – Reading Passage
Here a brief passage is given and based on the passage the candidate is required to identify the correct or
incorrect logical conclusions.
5.5 Chart Logic
Here a chart or a table is given that is partially filled in and asks to complete it in accordance with the
information given either in the chart / table or in the question.

6. Nonverbal Reasoning
6.1 Pattern Perception
Here a certain pattern is given and generally a quarter is left blank. The candidate is required to identify the
correct quarter from the given four alternatives.
6.2 Figure Formation and Analysis
The candidate is required to analyze and form a figure from various given parts.
6.3 Paper Cutting
It involves the analysis of a pattern that is formed when a folded piece of paper is cut into a definite design.
6.4 Figure Matrix
In this more than one set of figures is given in the form of a matrix, all of them following the same rule. The
candidate is required to follow the rule and identify the missing figure.
6.5 Rule Detection
Here a particular rule is given and it is required to select from the given sets of figures, a set of figures, which
obeys the rule and forms the correct series.

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